THE BIBLE VERSUS IDOLS and
IDOLATRY
Anonymous
(Investigator 162, 2015 May)
Moabite Stone discovered in 1868
mentions
Chemosh the god of Moab (From Wikipedia)
A THEME
The Bible on the topic of
idols is remarkably accurate. The origin, the evils, and ultimate
destruction of idol worship, and how God will reassert himself, is a
theme of the Bible:
Claiming to be
wise, they became fools; and they exchanged the glory of the immortal
God for images resembling a mortal human being or birds or four-footed
animals or reptiles. (Romans 1:23-25
All who make idols are
nothing and the things they delight in do not profit… (Isaiah
44:9-20)
Tell them this: "These
gods, who did not make the heavens and the earth, will perish from the
earth and from under the heavens." (Jeremiah 10:11)
Idols cannot represent God
because God resembles nothing physical:
Since you saw
no form when the LORD [Yahweh] spoke to you at Horeb … do not act
corruptly by making an idol for yourselves, in the form of any figure…
(Deuteronomy 4:15-19)
To whom then will you
liken God, or what likeness compare with him? (Isaiah 40:18; 25; 46:5)
THOUSANDS of DEITIES
The Godchecker
website lists ancient deities by name and gives the number per locality:
TABLE 1
Egypt
369 |
Mayan
256 |
Mesopotamia119 |
Incan
76 |
Middle
East 163 |
Aztec
180 |
Greece
659 |
Caribbean
88 |
Etruscan
72 |
South
America 84 |
Celtic
239 |
Native
North American 352 |
Roman
230 |
China
486 |
Baltic
152 |
Japan
181 |
Norse
330 |
Tibet
50 |
Slavic
166 |
India-Hindu
336 |
Finland
65 |
Indonesia
/ SE Asia 78 |
Christian
saints 746 |
Pacific
Islands 264 |
Africa
320 |
Aboriginal
Australia 50 |
Ancient Egypt actually had
much more than 369 deities — nearer 2000. Ottar Vendel writes:
Ancient Egypt
had by tradition a great variety of gods and what today can be labeled
as spirits and divine forces… In total they were over 2,000…
Thus the local wild fauna
of birds, crocodiles, snakes, turtles, frogs, plus cattle, dogs, cats
and other domesticated animals were considered to be the living images
of a particular god or goddess…
Greece had 12 major gods,
the "Twelve Olympians"; 11 important secondary gods; and hundreds of
minor gods.
In the eighth century BCE
the Israelites (the ten-tribe northern kingdom) were deported to
Assyria and Israel repopulated by foreign settlers. Of these immigrants
the Bible says:
But every
nation still made gods of its own and put them in the shrines of the
high places… the people of Babylon made Succoth-benoth; the people of
Cuth made Nergal; the people of Hamath made Ashima; the Avvites made
Nibhaz and Tartak; the Sepharvites burned their children in the fire to
Adrammelech and Anammelech, the gods of Sepharvaim. (II Kings 17:29-31)
DEFINITION
An idol is an object
worshipped as a god or as a representation of a god. The Old Testament
associates idol worship or idolatry with falsehood, vanity, horror,
terror, shame and obscenity.
Idols were of gold, silver,
wood or stone; adorned; placed in temples or shrines; fastened with
chains; and sometimes carried in processions. Idols are powerless to
benefit or injure. (Isaiah 46:3; Jeremiah 10:1-15; Psalm 135:15–18)
MONOTHEISM — WHEN?
The Bible throughout,
insists on allegiance to one God (monotheism) called in Hebrew
"Yahweh", often translated "the LORD". It teaches that the first humans
believed in one God (Genesis 3) who was repeatedly forgotten and later
remembered.
One remembrance occurred before Noah's Flood (Genesis 4:26); another by
Moses (Exodus 3); another by Jesus (John 17:25-26).
Critics, however, claim
monotheism first occurred when Pharoah Akhenaten (1351-1334) replaced
Egypt's gods with sun-worship.
Wikipedia says: "The
earliest putative reference to Yahweh in the historical record occurs
in a list of Bedouin tribes of the Transjordan made by Amenhotep III
(c.1391-1353 BC) in the temple of Amon at Soleb."
Prior to Moses the
custodians of God's name may have been the Midianites of NW Arabia —
Wikipedia says: "The 'Kenite hypothesis' supposes that the Hebrews
adopted the cult of Yahweh from the Midianites via the Kenites."
Archaeology thus indicates
that Yahweh-worship is more ancient than Akhenaten. Furthermore,
Akhenaten's so-called "monotheism" was Sun-worship whereas the Bible
regards the Sun as God's creation (Psalm 8:3; 74:16; 136:7-9) and its
worship idolatry!
ISRAELITES
Abraham worshipped the
"LORD" (Genesis 12:1-4) and built altars and planted memorial trees to
honor Him. (Genesis 12:7; 13:18; 21:33)
Abraham's relatives
combined God-worship (Genesis 31:53) with reliance on household idols
known as "teraphim". (Genesis 31:19)
Abraham's grandson, Jacob,
moved the clan to Egypt where the majority during the next 200 years
forgot God and served Egyptian gods, including Pharoah. (Joshua 24:14;
Ezekiel 20:7-8)
Egyptian pharaohs were
considered semi-divine, and became fully divine at death. Tyldesley
(2014) cites an inscription on Pharoah Hatshepsut's (1479-1458)
mortuary temple:
It opens with
an announcement by Amun-Ra: he will father a female king. The
mother-to-be is the beautiful Ahmose, queen of Thutmose I. Ahmose,
sleeping alone in her palace bedroom, is woken by the perfume of
Amun-Ra… He tells Ahmose that she is to bear a daughter who will rule
Egypt. He then holds out the ankh, the sign of life. (Tyldesley 2014)
Tyldesley continues:
…the
newly-crowned king was recognized as both the son of Ra and the living
Horus…
The New Kingdom monarchs
Hatshepsut and Amenhotep III (Eighteenth Dynasty) and Rameses II
(Nineteenth Dynasty) … claimed Amun-Ra as their father…
Amenhotep III and Rameses
II … started to believe their own propaganda. In Nubia … both were
worshipped as living gods.
The Ten Plagues of Egypt
(Exodus 7-12) were "judgments" against Egypt's gods (Numbers 33:4)
including:
• The
Nile River turned to blood invalidated Khnum, guardian of the Nile.
• The
darkness disconfirmed the Sun gods Re and Horus.
• The
frog plague disconfirmed Hekhet, the frog-headed goddess.
• The
cattle plague disconfirmed Hathor a goddess depicted as a cow.
• The
hail storm disconfirmed sky goddess Nueth, and Seth protector of crops.
• Death
of the first-born disconfirmed Osiris (giver of life).
In the Wilderness the
Israelites built the "Golden Calf":
So all the
people took off the gold rings from their ears, and brought them to
Aaron. He took the gold from them, formed it into a mold, and cast an
image of a calf… (Exodus 32:1-8)
Ancient occurrence of calf
worship is confirmed. Lemonik (1990) reported:
While
scientists have unearthed a few examples of
bovine idols, they have
never found a calf that predates the Exodus, which scholars think took
place between 1500 and 1200 BC. Last week, though, a team of Harvard
archaeologists announced they had done just that.
The "tabernacle" or tent
for worship that Israelites built in the wilderness should have
satisfied their desire for visible symbols. Nevertheless they still
turned to idolatry repeatedly:
While Israel
was staying at Shittim, the people began to have sexual relations with
the women of Moab. These invited the people to the sacrifices of their
gods. Thus Israel yoked itself to the Baal of Peor… (Numbers 25:1-3)
Moses' successor, Joshua,
told the Israelites:
…choose this
day whom you will serve, whether the gods your ancestors served in the
region beyond the River or the gods of the Amorites in whose land you
are living; But as for me and my household, we will serve the LORD.
(Joshua 24:2, 15)
After Joshua died the
Israelites forgot Yahweh and "worshiped the Baals". (Judges 2:10, 11;
3:7; 10:6-7) Israel's history became a chronicle of idolatry, national
decline, repentance, and renewed idolatry. The books of Samuel, Kings,
and Chronicles reveal this destructive pattern.
Samuel renounced idolatry
(I Samuel 7:3-6) but Solomon worshipped Chemosh, Ashtoreth and Molech,
even bringing idols into the Temple. (1 Kings 11:5–8)
After Israel split into two
nations Jeroboam (in the north) erected two golden calves to stop
people going to Jerusalem to worship. (I Kings 12:26-33) In Judah
(southern kingdom) King Ahaz closed Solomon's Temple and made "altars
in every corner of Jerusalem." (II Chronicles 28:24)
The prophets portrayed
Israel's relation with God as a marriage bond (Isaiah 54:5; Jeremiah
3:14) and idolatry as prostitution. (Hosea 2; Jeremiah 3)
BIBLICAL IDOLS
HISTORICITY
Specific idols and gods
named in the Bible are listed in Table 2:
TABLE 2
Idols/Gods |
Location |
Addrammelech
(II Kings 17:29-31)
|
Samaria |
Anammelech
(II Kings 17:29-31) |
Samaria |
Artemis (Acts 19:26-27)
|
Greece/Asia Minor
|
Asherah
(Exodus 34:13) |
Phoenicia/Syria/Canaan |
Ashima
(II Kings 17:29-31) |
Samaria |
Ashtoreth
(I Kings 11:5, 33) |
Canaan;
Philistia; Sidonia |
Baal
(Numbers 25) |
Canaan;
Sidonia; Moab |
Baal-berith (Judges 9:4)
|
Shechem (Israel)
|
Baal
or Peor (Psalm 106:28)
|
Moab
|
Baalzebub
(II Kings 1:2) |
Philistia |
Bel/Belus
(Jeremiah 50:2; 51:44) |
Babylon |
Chemosh
(Jeremiah 48:45) |
Moab |
Dagon
(Judges 16:23) |
Philistia |
Fortune/Destiny
(Isaiah 65:11) |
Israel |
Hadad |
Syria |
Hermes (Acts 14:12)
|
Greece; Asia Minor
|
Man
of Lawlessness (II
Thessalonians 2) |
|
Marduk
(Merodach) |
Babylon |
Molech/Milcom
(Leviticus 20:1-5) |
Ammon;
Canaan |
Nebo/Nebu
(Isaiah 46:1) |
Babylon |
Nehushtan (II Kings 18:4)
|
Israel
|
Nergal
(II Kings 17:29-31) |
Samaria |
Nibhaz
(II Kings 17:29-31) |
Samaria |
Nisroch (Isaiah 37:38)
|
Nineveh (Assyria)
|
Queen
of heaven (Jeremiah 7:44:17-25) |
Judah |
Rephan
(Kaiwan) (Acts 7:43; Amos 5:26) |
Israel |
Rimmon
(II Kings 5:15-18) |
Syria |
Sakkuth (Amos 5:26)
|
Israel
|
Satan
(II Corinthians 4:4; John 14:30) |
Entire
world |
Succoth-benoth
(II Kings 17:29-31) |
Babylon;
Samaria |
Sun/Moon/Stars
(Deuteronomy 4:15-31) |
Canaan |
Tammuz (Ezekiel 8:14)
|
Babylon; Jerusalem
|
Tartak
(II Kings 17:29-31) |
Samaria |
Twin Brothers (Acts 28:11)
|
Greece; Egypt
|
Unknown
God (Acts 17:23)
|
Athens |
Zeus/Jupiter (Acts 14:12-13)
|
Greece; Asia Minor
|
ASHERAH
A fertility goddess in
Canaan represented by sacred trees and poles, and associated with
promiscuity. (Hosea 4:12-13)
Old Testament references to
"Asherah" are often translated "poles". The Israelites were commanded
to “break their pillars, and cut down their sacred poles…” (Exodus
34:13) King Hezekiah "cut down the Asherah" (II Kings 18.4) but
Manasseh placed an Asherah pole in the Temple. (II Kings 21:7)
The
Wycliffe Bible
Commentary (1962) says: "Asherah, according to Canaanite
mythology, was
a goddess, the consort of El. In the OT she appears as the consort of
the Tyrian Baal… Asherim, the plural form, were cult objects erected
for the worship of Asherah, probably trees or poles..." (p. 84)
Asherah figurines are
common in the archaeological record as wooden columns or poles and clay
statues without legs. (Binger 1997)
Confirming the Bible that
Israel fused Yahweh-worship with Canaanite worship is an 8th century
BCE ostracon discovered in Sinai in 1975 which says: "I have blessed
you by YHWH our guardian and His Asherah".
ASHTORETH
/ ASTARTE (Judges 2:13)
Figurine of Astarte - Louvre Museum
(From Wikipedia)
A Canaanite fertility
goddess, wife of Baal, often depicted nude. After King Saul died his
armour was placed in the temple of Astarte. (I Samuel 31:10 NRSV)
Solomon worshipped "Astarte the goddess of the Sidonians..." (I Kings
11:33)
BAAL
A Middle Eastern war god
known from the Bible and confirmed by the Ras Shamra [Ugarit] texts
discovered in 1929 in Syria. These mention Baal as Lord of the Earth,
depict him wearing a horned helmet, and associate him with the sun and
stars.
The Bible in agreement with archaeology says: "They [Israelites) …
worshipped all the host of heaven and served Baal." (II Kings 17:16)
There were also local Baals such as "Baal of Peor" (Numbers 25:1-5) and
Baal-Zebub. (II Kings 1:2)
BEL
A Babylonia deity taken
over from Assyria.
CHEMOSH
Moabites were "the people
of Chemosh". (Numbers 21:29; Jeremiah 48:46) Chemosh was Moab's chief
god (I kings 11:33) and also a god of Ammon. (Judges 11:24)
The black, basalt "Moabite
Stone" erected by King Mesha, and discovered in 1868, has 34 lines of
text. The text portrays Chemosh as commander and attributes victory to
him.
Jeremiah predicted Moab
would be destroyed and become "ashamed of Chemosh." (48:13) This
implied the demise of Chemosh worship and came true.
DAGON
Possibly a fish god,
originally Mesopotamian, later also Philistine. No
representation yet discovered
but texts naming Dagon go back to 2500 BCE.
HADAD
The Storm god of Syria with
power over thunder, lightning and rainfall. The name is incorporated
into the names of several Syrian kings — Benhadad (I Kings 15:18) and
Hadadezer (I Kings 11:23), otherwise is not mentioned in the Bible.
Reliefs of Hadad show a human figure with kilt, dagger, and conical
hat. (Damm 2012)
MARDUK
("MERODACH")
Chief god of Babylon, whose
demise Jeremiah foretold. (50:2)
MOLECH/MILCOM
A god of Ammon (I Kings
11:33; Leviticus 20:1-5), probably man-shaped with ram's horns. Molech
was associated with child-sacrifice, children possibly tossed through
his arms into a furnace. (II Kings 16:3; Jeremiah 32:35)
A god of Babylon and
Assyria, and considered a son of Marduk. His name is prefixed to the
names of various Babylonian kings and officials — Nebuchadnezzar,
Nabonidus, Nebuzaradan, Nebo-Sarsechim, Nebushazban.
(II Kings 25:8-11; Jeremiah 39:3)
[“Nebu”, "Nabo" and "Nebo" are the same since written Hebrew did not
have vowels.]
SUN,
MOON and PLANETS/STARS
Worship of these is
condemned in the Old Testament:
And when you
look up to the heavens and see the sun, the moon and the stars, all the
host of heaven, do not be led astray and bow down to them and serve
them… (Deuteronomy 4:19; 17:2-5; II Kings 23:5; Job 31:26-28; Jeremiah
17:15-27)
Many Babylonia deities
were
identified with planets — Marduk with Jupiter, Ninurta with Saturn,
Ishtar with Venus. Canaanites worshipped the Sun as "Shapash", the
Egyptians as "Horus", "Aten" and "Ra". Egyptians honored the Moon under
the name "Thoth", Babylonians as "Sin", Greeks as "Selene", "Hecate"
and "Artemis", and Romans as "Luna" and "Diana". Diana was also the
goddess of the hunt and used a moon crescent for a bow and moonbeams
for arrows. Wikipedia under "Sun Deities" lists about 100, and
under "Moon Deities" 80.
ARTEMIS
A 1st century Statue of Artemis at
the Ephesus
Archaeological Museum (From Wikipedia)
Greek Goddess of the hunt,
wilderness, moon and childbirth. Greaves (2010) describes marble
statues of Artemis:
…the great
goddess of the Ionian Greeks is shown flanked by animals, bedecked with
jewels and images, wearing a tall hat and with multiple breast-like
appendages.
In Ephesus the Temple of
Artemis was one of the "Seven Wonders of the World" and annual
festivals attracted 200,000 visitors.
Demetrius the silversmith
addressed the statue-makers:
Paul has
persuaded and drawn away a considerable number of people by saying that
gods made with hands are not gods. And there is danger not only that
this trade of ours may come into disrepute but also that the temple of
the great goddess Artemis will be scorned, and she will be deprived of
her majesty that brought all Asia and the world to worship her. (Acts
19:26-27)
Small marble statues of
Artemis dating to the 1st century support the Bible's suggestion of
statues being a major industry. Artemis was abandoned after an
earthquake destroyed her Temple in 262 CE.
SATAN
The Bible identifies the
"serpent" in Eden as "Satan the Devil … deceiver of the whole world"
(Revelation 12:9; II Corinthians 4:4), hence the originator of idolatry
and the real recipient of devotion to idols. (I Corinthians 10:20;
Revelation 9:20)
UNKNOWN
GOD
In Athens Paul observed an
altar to an "unknown god". (Acts 17:23) This gets support from Greek
geographer Pausanias (110-180 CE) who mentions an "unknown god" in his
book for tourists titled Description
of Greece.
NEW TESTAMENT
The New Testament expands
the concept of idolatry to include whatever replaces God in our
devotion and motivations:
Be sure of
this, that no fornicator or impure person, or one who is greedy (that
is an idolater), has
any inheritance in the kingdom of Christ and of
God. (Ephesians 5:5)
Their end is destruction;
their god is the belly; and their glory is their shame; their minds are
set on
earthly things. (Philippians 3:19)
Put to death … in you …
greed (which is idolatry). (Colossians 3:5)
Apostle John warns against
"antichrists" who left Christianity or Christian influence (I John
2:18-19; 4:3) and he says: "Little children, keep yourselves from
idols." (5:21) It is idolatry to believe leaders who deny Jesus'
authority and try to displace Him. Examples would include Hitler,
Mussolini, Stalin, many atheists, and many religious leaders.
PROPHETIC LESSON
Jeremiah foretold the
destruction of the gods of Egypt (43:12-13; 46:25-26), of Israel
(10:15), the extinction of the Philistines (hence Dagon worship)
(47:5), and the "utter desolation" of Babylon including its idols.
(50:2, 39-40; 51:26) Nahum wrote similarly of Nineveh. (Chapters 2-3)
And it all came true.
Zephaniah foretold the
desolation of Canaan (2:4-5), Moab (2:9), Ethiopia [Sudan] (2:12) and
Assyria (2:13), which includes their idols since:
The LORD … will
shrivel all the gods of the earth, and to him shall bow down … all the
coasts and islands of the nations. (Zephaniah 2:11)
The lesson here is that the
biblical teaching that the whole world is deceived (Revelation 12:9;
John 16:2) is valid.
Millions of idol worshippers were so convinced that they killed or died
for their idols until they were replaced by later idols whose devotees
also killed or died for them. Idols today often come in human form
supported by ideologies like Nazism, Communism, Islamism or racism, and
followers again do everything their idols demand, including evils that
the New Testament says "Don't do". (Revelation 21:8) What
precautions have YOU taken which all the idolaters did not take so that
YOU are different and not deceived?
Idol-worshipping nations
and idols seem powerful, but are doomed to extinction. Ultimately one
God will rule all nations and "throughout all generations". (Psalm
102:24-27; 145:13; Isaiah 57:15; 54:5; Revelation 15:4)
All the ends of
the earth shall remember and turn to the LORD; and all the families of
the nations shall worship before him. (Psalm 22:27)
REFERENCES:
Binger, T. 1997 Asherah:
Goddess in Ugarit, Israel and the Old Testament,
Sheffield Academic Press
Damm, I. The house of the
Syrian storm god, Science Illustrated, September-October, 2012,
52-55
Gilbert, Ralph 2014 Idols,
Unpublished paper dated September 3
Greaves, A. Analysing
Artemis, Minerva, November/December, 2010, 14-15
Jackson, W.
www.apologeticpress.org/rr/reprints/ras-shamra.pdf
Lemonik, M. The Return of
the Golden Calf, Time, August 6, 1990
Pausanias — Description
of Greece In Six Volumes
http://ryanfb.github.io/Loebolus-data/L093.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)
Stoneman, R. Bees in her
bosom? Minerva, November/December, 2013, 24-27
Tyldesley, J. Divine Kings, Ancient Egypt, February/March 2014,
24-28
Vendel, O. Religion of the
Egyptians
www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/0egyptintro/1egypt.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_deities
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lunar_deities
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar_deities
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moloch
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unknown_God
www.godchecker.com
www.theoi.com/greek-mythology/greek-gods-cult.html
www.unrv.com/culture/major-roman-god-list.php
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relevance and accuracy of the Bible investigated on this website:
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